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debts contracted by others

  • 1 alienum

    ălĭēnus, a, um [2. alius].
    I.
    Adj.
    A.
    In gen., that belongs to another person, place, object, etc., not one's own, another's, of another, foreign, alien (opp. suus): NEVE. ALIENAM. SEGETEM. PELLEXERIS., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 28, 2, and Serv. ad Verg. E. 8, 99: plus ex alieno jecore sapiunt quam ex suo, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 57; Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 111; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 88, and Lind. ib. 2, 3, 3: quom sciet alienum puerum ( the child of another) tolli pro suo, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 61:

    in aedīs inruit Alienas,

    id. Ad. 1, 2, 9; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

    alienae partes anni,

    Lucr. 1, 182; so Verg. G. 2, 149:

    pecuniis alienis locupletari,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

    cura rerum alienarum,

    id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 2, 23, 83:

    alienos mores ad suos referre,

    Nep. Epam. 1, 1:

    in altissimo gradu alienis opibus poni,

    Cic. Sest. 20:

    semper regibus aliena virtus formidolosa est,

    Sall. C. 7, 2:

    amissis bonis alienas opes exspectare,

    id. ib. 58. 10 Herz.:

    aliena mulier,

    another man's wife, Cic. Cael. 37:

    mulier alieni viri sermonibus assuefacta,

    of another woman's husband, Liv. 1, 46:

    virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt,

    id. 35, 43:

    alienis pedibus ambulamus, alienis oculis agnoscimus, alienā memoriā salutamus, alienā operā vivimus,

    Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 19:

    oportet enim omnia aut ad alienum arbitrium aut ad suum facere,

    Plin. Ep. 6, 14; so Suet. Claud. 2:

    alienum cursum alienumque rectorem, velut captā nave, sequi,

    Plin. Pan. 82, 3; Tac. A. 15, 1 fin.:

    pudicitiae neque suae neque alienae pepercit,

    Suet. Calig. 36:

    epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio,

    i. e. caused to be written by another, id. Dom. 20:

    te conjux aliena capit,

    Hor. S. 2, 7, 46; 1, 1, 110; so id. ib. 1, 3, 116:

    vulnus,

    intended for another, Verg. A. 10, 781: aliena [p. 85] cornua, of Actæon transformed into a stag, Ov. M. 3, 139:

    alieno Marte pugnabant, sc. equites,

    i. e. without horses, as footmen, Liv. 3, 62: aes alienum, lit. another's money; hence, in reference to him who has it, a debt; cf. aes. So also:

    aliena nomina,

    debts in others' names, debts contracted by others, Sall. C. 35, 3.—
    B.
    Esp.
    1.
    In reference to relationship or friendship, not belonging to one, alien from, not related or allied, not friendly, inimical, strange, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 43:

    alienus est ab nostrā familiā,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 28; id. Heaut. 5, 4, 6 Ruhnk.:

    multi ex finibus suis egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt,

    to utter strangers, Caes. B. G. 6, 31:

    non alienus sanguine regibus,

    Liv. 29, 29; Vell. 2, 76.—

    Hence alienus and propinquus are antith.,

    Cic. Lael. 5, 19:

    ut neque amicis neque etiam alienioribus desim,

    id. Fam. 1, 9 Manut.:

    ut tuum factum alieni hominis, meum vero conjunctissimi et amicissimi esse videatur,

    id. ib. 3, 6.—
    2.
    Trop.: alienum esse in or ab aliquā re, to be a stranger to a thing, i. e. not to be versed in or familiar with, not to understand:

    in physicis Epicurus totus est alienus,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

    homo non alienus a litteris,

    not a stranger to, not unversed in, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26.—
    3.
    Foreign to a thing, i. e. not suited to it, unsuitable, incongruous, inadequate, inconsistent, unseasonable, inapposite, different from (opp. aptus); constr. with gen., dat., abl., and ab; cf. Burm. ad Ov. F. 1, 4; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 5; Spald. ad Quint. 6, 3, 33; Zumpt, Gr. § 384.
    (α).
    With gen.:

    pacis (deorum),

    Lucr. 6, 69:

    salutis,

    id. 3, 832:

    aliarum rerum,

    id. 6, 1064:

    dignitatis alicujus,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 4, 11:

    neque aliena consili (sc. domus D. Bruti),

    convenient for consultation, Sall. C. 40, 5 Kritz al.—
    (β).
    With dat.:

    quod illi causae maxime est alienum,

    Cic. Caecin. 9, 24: arti oratoriae, Quint. prooem. 5; 4, 2, 62; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef.—
    (γ).
    With abl.:

    neque hoc dii alienum ducunt majestate suā,

    Cic. Div. 1, 38, 83:

    homine alienissimum,

    id. Off. 1, 13, 41:

    dignitate imperii,

    id. Prov. Cons. 8, 18:

    amicitiā,

    id. Fam. 11, 27:

    existimatione meā,

    id. Att. 6, 1:

    domus magis his aliena malis,

    farther from, Hor. S. 1, 9, 50:

    loco, tempore,

    Quint. 6, 3, 33.—
    (δ).
    With ab:

    alienum a vitā meā,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 21: a dignitate rei publicae, Tib. Gracch. ap. Gell. 7, 19, 7:

    a sapiente,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

    a dignitate,

    id. Fam. 4, 7:

    navigationis labor alienus non ab aetate solum nostrā, verum etiam a dignitate,

    id. Att. 16, 3.—
    (ε).
    With inf. or clause as subject:

    nec aptius est quidquam ad opes tuendas quam diligi, nec alienius quam timeri,

    Cic. Off. 2, 7, 23:

    non alienum videtur, quale praemium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere,

    Nep. Milt. 6, 1.—
    4.
    Averse, hostile, unfriendly, unfavorable to:

    illum alieno animo a nobis esse res ipsa indicat,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 40; Cic. Deiot. 9, 24:

    a Pyrrho non nimis alienos animos habemus,

    id. Lael. 8 fin.:

    sin a me est alienior,

    id. Fam. 2, 17:

    ex alienissimis amicissimos reddere,

    id. ib. 15, 4 al.:

    Muciani animus nec Vespasiano alienus,

    Tac. H. 2, 74.—Rar. transf. to things; as in the histt., alienus locus, a place or ground unfavorable for an engagement, disadvantageous (opp. suus or opportunus; cf.

    Gron. Obs. 4, 17, 275): alieno loco proelium committunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

    alienissimo sibi loco contra opportunissimo hostibus conflixit,

    Nep. Them. 4, 5 Brem.—So of time unfitting, inconvenient, unfavorable, Varr. R. R. 3, 16:

    ad judicium corrumpendum tempus alienum,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 5; id. Caecin. 67:

    vir egregius alienissimo rei publicae tempore exstinctus,

    id. Brut. 1; id. Fam. 15, 14.—Of other things: alienum ( dangerous, perilous, hurtful) suis rationibus, Sall. C. 56, 5; Cels. 4, 5.—
    5.
    In medic. lang.
    a.
    Of the body, dead, corrupted, paralyzed (cf. alieno, II. B. 2.), Scrib. Comp. 201.—
    b.
    Of the mind, insane, mad (cf. alieno and alienatio):

    Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis fuerant,

    Sall. C. 37, 1 Herz.—
    II.
    Subst.
    1.
    ălĭēnus, i, m., a stranger.
    a.
    One not belonging to one's house, family, or country:

    apud me cenant alieni novem,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 21:

    ut non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos īsse videaris,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 23:

    quas copias proximis suppeditari aequius est, eas transferunt ad alienos,

    id. Off. 1, 14: cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni, id. Am. 5, 19:

    quasi ad alienos durius loquebatur,

    Vulg. Gen. 42, 7:

    a filiis suis an ab alienis?

    ib. Matt. 17, 24:

    cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni,

    Cic. Lael. 5:

    quod alieno testimonium redderem, in eo non fraudabo avum meum,

    Vell. 2, 76.—
    b.
    One not related to a person or thing:

    in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat,

    Cic. Mil. 28, 76:

    vel alienissimus rusticae vitae, naturae benignitatem miretur,

    Col. 3, 21, 3.—
    2.
    ălĭēnum, i, n., the property of a stranger:

    Haec erunt vilici officia: alieno manum abstineant, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 5, 1:

    alieno abstinuit,

    Suet. Tit. 7:

    ex alieno largiri,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 8; so,

    de alieno largiri,

    Just. 36, 3, 9:

    alieni appetens, sui profugus,

    Sall. C. 5; Liv. 5, 5:

    in aliena aedificium exstruere,

    Cic. Mil. 27, 74 (cf.:

    in alieno solo aedificare,

    Dig. 41, 1, 7).— Plur.,
    a.
    The property of a stranger:

    quid est aliud aliis sua eripere, aliis dare aliena?

    Cic. Off. 2, 23; Liv. 30, 30: aliena pervadere, a foreign (in opp. to the Roman) province, Amm. 23, 1.—
    b.
    The affairs or interests of strangers: Men. Chreme, tantumue ab re tuast oti tibi, aliena ut cures, ea, quae nihil ad te attinent. Chrem. Homo sum;

    humani nihil a me alienum puto,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 23:

    aliena ut melius videant quam sua,

    id. ib. 3, 1, 95.—
    c.
    Things strange, foreign, not belonging to the matter in hand:

    Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt, etc.,

    Sall. J. 1, 5; hence, aliena loqui, to talk strangely, wildly, like a crazy person:

    Quin etiam, sic me dicunt aliena locutum, Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 19:

    interdum in accessione aegros desipere et aliena loqui,

    Cels. 3, 18 (v. alieniloquium).
    ► Comp. rare, but sup. very freq.; no adv. in use.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > alienum

  • 2 alienus

    ălĭēnus, a, um [2. alius].
    I.
    Adj.
    A.
    In gen., that belongs to another person, place, object, etc., not one's own, another's, of another, foreign, alien (opp. suus): NEVE. ALIENAM. SEGETEM. PELLEXERIS., Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Plin. 28, 2, and Serv. ad Verg. E. 8, 99: plus ex alieno jecore sapiunt quam ex suo, Pac. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 57; Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 111; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 88, and Lind. ib. 2, 3, 3: quom sciet alienum puerum ( the child of another) tolli pro suo, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 61:

    in aedīs inruit Alienas,

    id. Ad. 1, 2, 9; id. And. 1, 1, 125:

    alienae partes anni,

    Lucr. 1, 182; so Verg. G. 2, 149:

    pecuniis alienis locupletari,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

    cura rerum alienarum,

    id. Off. 1, 9, 30; 2, 23, 83:

    alienos mores ad suos referre,

    Nep. Epam. 1, 1:

    in altissimo gradu alienis opibus poni,

    Cic. Sest. 20:

    semper regibus aliena virtus formidolosa est,

    Sall. C. 7, 2:

    amissis bonis alienas opes exspectare,

    id. ib. 58. 10 Herz.:

    aliena mulier,

    another man's wife, Cic. Cael. 37:

    mulier alieni viri sermonibus assuefacta,

    of another woman's husband, Liv. 1, 46:

    virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt,

    id. 35, 43:

    alienis pedibus ambulamus, alienis oculis agnoscimus, alienā memoriā salutamus, alienā operā vivimus,

    Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 19:

    oportet enim omnia aut ad alienum arbitrium aut ad suum facere,

    Plin. Ep. 6, 14; so Suet. Claud. 2:

    alienum cursum alienumque rectorem, velut captā nave, sequi,

    Plin. Pan. 82, 3; Tac. A. 15, 1 fin.:

    pudicitiae neque suae neque alienae pepercit,

    Suet. Calig. 36:

    epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio,

    i. e. caused to be written by another, id. Dom. 20:

    te conjux aliena capit,

    Hor. S. 2, 7, 46; 1, 1, 110; so id. ib. 1, 3, 116:

    vulnus,

    intended for another, Verg. A. 10, 781: aliena [p. 85] cornua, of Actæon transformed into a stag, Ov. M. 3, 139:

    alieno Marte pugnabant, sc. equites,

    i. e. without horses, as footmen, Liv. 3, 62: aes alienum, lit. another's money; hence, in reference to him who has it, a debt; cf. aes. So also:

    aliena nomina,

    debts in others' names, debts contracted by others, Sall. C. 35, 3.—
    B.
    Esp.
    1.
    In reference to relationship or friendship, not belonging to one, alien from, not related or allied, not friendly, inimical, strange, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 43:

    alienus est ab nostrā familiā,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 28; id. Heaut. 5, 4, 6 Ruhnk.:

    multi ex finibus suis egressi se suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt,

    to utter strangers, Caes. B. G. 6, 31:

    non alienus sanguine regibus,

    Liv. 29, 29; Vell. 2, 76.—

    Hence alienus and propinquus are antith.,

    Cic. Lael. 5, 19:

    ut neque amicis neque etiam alienioribus desim,

    id. Fam. 1, 9 Manut.:

    ut tuum factum alieni hominis, meum vero conjunctissimi et amicissimi esse videatur,

    id. ib. 3, 6.—
    2.
    Trop.: alienum esse in or ab aliquā re, to be a stranger to a thing, i. e. not to be versed in or familiar with, not to understand:

    in physicis Epicurus totus est alienus,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

    homo non alienus a litteris,

    not a stranger to, not unversed in, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26.—
    3.
    Foreign to a thing, i. e. not suited to it, unsuitable, incongruous, inadequate, inconsistent, unseasonable, inapposite, different from (opp. aptus); constr. with gen., dat., abl., and ab; cf. Burm. ad Ov. F. 1, 4; Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 5; Spald. ad Quint. 6, 3, 33; Zumpt, Gr. § 384.
    (α).
    With gen.:

    pacis (deorum),

    Lucr. 6, 69:

    salutis,

    id. 3, 832:

    aliarum rerum,

    id. 6, 1064:

    dignitatis alicujus,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 4, 11:

    neque aliena consili (sc. domus D. Bruti),

    convenient for consultation, Sall. C. 40, 5 Kritz al.—
    (β).
    With dat.:

    quod illi causae maxime est alienum,

    Cic. Caecin. 9, 24: arti oratoriae, Quint. prooem. 5; 4, 2, 62; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef.—
    (γ).
    With abl.:

    neque hoc dii alienum ducunt majestate suā,

    Cic. Div. 1, 38, 83:

    homine alienissimum,

    id. Off. 1, 13, 41:

    dignitate imperii,

    id. Prov. Cons. 8, 18:

    amicitiā,

    id. Fam. 11, 27:

    existimatione meā,

    id. Att. 6, 1:

    domus magis his aliena malis,

    farther from, Hor. S. 1, 9, 50:

    loco, tempore,

    Quint. 6, 3, 33.—
    (δ).
    With ab:

    alienum a vitā meā,

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 21: a dignitate rei publicae, Tib. Gracch. ap. Gell. 7, 19, 7:

    a sapiente,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 43, 132:

    a dignitate,

    id. Fam. 4, 7:

    navigationis labor alienus non ab aetate solum nostrā, verum etiam a dignitate,

    id. Att. 16, 3.—
    (ε).
    With inf. or clause as subject:

    nec aptius est quidquam ad opes tuendas quam diligi, nec alienius quam timeri,

    Cic. Off. 2, 7, 23:

    non alienum videtur, quale praemium Miltiadi sit tributum, docere,

    Nep. Milt. 6, 1.—
    4.
    Averse, hostile, unfriendly, unfavorable to:

    illum alieno animo a nobis esse res ipsa indicat,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 40; Cic. Deiot. 9, 24:

    a Pyrrho non nimis alienos animos habemus,

    id. Lael. 8 fin.:

    sin a me est alienior,

    id. Fam. 2, 17:

    ex alienissimis amicissimos reddere,

    id. ib. 15, 4 al.:

    Muciani animus nec Vespasiano alienus,

    Tac. H. 2, 74.—Rar. transf. to things; as in the histt., alienus locus, a place or ground unfavorable for an engagement, disadvantageous (opp. suus or opportunus; cf.

    Gron. Obs. 4, 17, 275): alieno loco proelium committunt,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

    alienissimo sibi loco contra opportunissimo hostibus conflixit,

    Nep. Them. 4, 5 Brem.—So of time unfitting, inconvenient, unfavorable, Varr. R. R. 3, 16:

    ad judicium corrumpendum tempus alienum,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 5; id. Caecin. 67:

    vir egregius alienissimo rei publicae tempore exstinctus,

    id. Brut. 1; id. Fam. 15, 14.—Of other things: alienum ( dangerous, perilous, hurtful) suis rationibus, Sall. C. 56, 5; Cels. 4, 5.—
    5.
    In medic. lang.
    a.
    Of the body, dead, corrupted, paralyzed (cf. alieno, II. B. 2.), Scrib. Comp. 201.—
    b.
    Of the mind, insane, mad (cf. alieno and alienatio):

    Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis fuerant,

    Sall. C. 37, 1 Herz.—
    II.
    Subst.
    1.
    ălĭēnus, i, m., a stranger.
    a.
    One not belonging to one's house, family, or country:

    apud me cenant alieni novem,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 21:

    ut non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos īsse videaris,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 23:

    quas copias proximis suppeditari aequius est, eas transferunt ad alienos,

    id. Off. 1, 14: cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni, id. Am. 5, 19:

    quasi ad alienos durius loquebatur,

    Vulg. Gen. 42, 7:

    a filiis suis an ab alienis?

    ib. Matt. 17, 24:

    cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui quam alieni,

    Cic. Lael. 5:

    quod alieno testimonium redderem, in eo non fraudabo avum meum,

    Vell. 2, 76.—
    b.
    One not related to a person or thing:

    in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat,

    Cic. Mil. 28, 76:

    vel alienissimus rusticae vitae, naturae benignitatem miretur,

    Col. 3, 21, 3.—
    2.
    ălĭēnum, i, n., the property of a stranger:

    Haec erunt vilici officia: alieno manum abstineant, etc.,

    Cato, R. R. 5, 1:

    alieno abstinuit,

    Suet. Tit. 7:

    ex alieno largiri,

    Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 8; so,

    de alieno largiri,

    Just. 36, 3, 9:

    alieni appetens, sui profugus,

    Sall. C. 5; Liv. 5, 5:

    in aliena aedificium exstruere,

    Cic. Mil. 27, 74 (cf.:

    in alieno solo aedificare,

    Dig. 41, 1, 7).— Plur.,
    a.
    The property of a stranger:

    quid est aliud aliis sua eripere, aliis dare aliena?

    Cic. Off. 2, 23; Liv. 30, 30: aliena pervadere, a foreign (in opp. to the Roman) province, Amm. 23, 1.—
    b.
    The affairs or interests of strangers: Men. Chreme, tantumue ab re tuast oti tibi, aliena ut cures, ea, quae nihil ad te attinent. Chrem. Homo sum;

    humani nihil a me alienum puto,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 23:

    aliena ut melius videant quam sua,

    id. ib. 3, 1, 95.—
    c.
    Things strange, foreign, not belonging to the matter in hand:

    Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multumque etiam periculosa petunt, etc.,

    Sall. J. 1, 5; hence, aliena loqui, to talk strangely, wildly, like a crazy person:

    Quin etiam, sic me dicunt aliena locutum, Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 19:

    interdum in accessione aegros desipere et aliena loqui,

    Cels. 3, 18 (v. alieniloquium).
    ► Comp. rare, but sup. very freq.; no adv. in use.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > alienus

  • 3 aliēnus

        aliēnus    [alius].    I. Adj. with comp. and sup, of another, belonging to another, not one's own, foreign, alien, strange: res: puer, the child of another, T.: mos, T.: menses, of other climes, V.: pecuniae: in alienis finibus decertare, Cs.: salus, of others, Cs.: alienis manibus, by the hands of others, L.: insolens in re alienā, in dealing with other men's property: mālis ridens alienis, i. e. a forced laugh, H.: mulier, another man's wife: alieni viri sermones, of another woman's husband, L.: vestigia viri alieni, one not my husband, L.: volnus, intended for another, V.: alienam personam ferre, to assume a false character, L.: cornua, i. e. those of a stag, O.: alieno Marte pugnare (equites), i. e. on foot, L.: aes alienum, another's money, i. e. debt: aes alienum alienis nominibus, debts contracted on the security of others, S.: recte facere alieno metu, fear of another, T.: crevit ex metu alieno audacia, another's fear, L.: sacerdotium genti haud alienum, foreign to, L. — Alien from, not related, not allied, not friendly, strange: ab nostrā familiā, T.: omnia alienissimis crediderunt, to utter strangers, Cs.: ne a litteris quidem alienus, not unversed in.—Strange, unsuitable, incongruous, inadequate, inconsistent, unseasonable, different from: dignitatis alicuius: neque aliena consili (domus), not inconvenient for consultation, S.: illi causae: alienum maiestate suā: aliena huius existimatione suspicio: domus magis his aliena malis, freer from, H.: alienum a vitā meā, T.: a dignitate: non alienum esse videtur, proponere, etc., Cs.: non alienum videtur,... docere, N. — Averse, hostile, unfriendly, unfavorable to: (Caesar) a me: voluntates, unfriendliness: mens, hostility, S.: alieno a te animo: a causā nobilitatis, opposed to: a Murenā nullā re alienus, in nc respect unfriendly: alienum suis rationibus, dangerous to his plans, S.: alieno esse animo in Caesarem, Cs.: alieno loco proelium committunt, unfavorable, Cs.: alienissimo sibi loco conflixit, N. —Of time, unfitting, inconvenient, unfavorable, unseasonable: ad iudicium corrumpendum tempus: ad committendum proelium alienum esse tempus, Cs.: alieno tempore defendisse: alienore aetate, at a less suitable age, T.—Of the mind, estranged, disordered: illis aliena mens erat, qui, etc., S.—    II. Substt.:
    * * *
    I
    aliena -um, alienior -or -us, alienissimus -a -um ADJ
    foreign; unconnected; another's; contrary; unworthy; averse, hostile; mad
    II
    foreigner; outsider; stranger to the family; person/slave of another house

    Latin-English dictionary > aliēnus

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  • Article One of the United States Constitution — United States of America This article is part of the series: United States Constitution Original text of the Constitution Preamble Articles of the Constitution I  …   Wikipedia

  • FRANCE — (Heb. פְרַאנְצִיָּה and צָרְפַת), country in Western Europe. This entry is arranged according to the following outline: from the first settlements unil the revolution the roman and merovingian periods from the carolingians until the eve of the… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • History of the Jews in France — The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600,000, according to the World Jewish Congress and 500,000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France, and is found mainly in the metropolitan areas of Paris, Marseille, Strasbourg, Lyon …   Wikipedia

  • Diocletian — 51st Emperor of the Roman Empire Laureate bust of Diocletian. Reign 20 November 284 – 1 April 286 (alone) 1 April 286 – …   Wikipedia

  • James K. Polk: Inaugural Address — ▪ Primary Source       Tuesday, March 4, 1845       Without solicitation on my part, I have been chosen by the free and voluntary suffrages of my countrymen to the most honorable and most responsible office on earth. I am deeply impressed with… …   Universalium

  • Babylonian law — Archaeological material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive. So called contracts exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, actual legal… …   Wikipedia

  • Magna Carta Source — ▪ Primary Source [1215]       John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou, to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciars, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants …   Universalium

  • SABBATICAL YEAR AND JUBILEE — (Heb. שְׁמִטָּה, shemittah; יוֹבֵל, yovel). According to the Bible, during the seventh year all land had to be fallow and debts were to be remitted (Ex. 23:10–11; Lev. 25:1–7, 18–22; Deut. 15:1–11). The close of seven sabbatical cycles instituted …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • ENGLAND — The British Isles were unknown to the Jews until a late date, and the settlement of the Jews in medieval England was among the latest in Europe. It is possible that a small nucleus was to be found there under the Romans and that in the Saxon… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Kingdom of Greece — Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος Vasílion tis Elládos ← …   Wikipedia

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